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Other Selected References
The following are publications about the development and evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index, examples of how the HEI has been used in different types of research, as well as statistical methods and methodological considerations for the HEI.
The publication list below is not exhaustive. To suggest publications for this page, please contact RFAB@mail.nih.gov.
Note: NCI asks that extramural investigators that apply the HEI cite the version of the HEI and method used. Information on how to cite the HEI webpages can be found in the FAQs.
HEI-2020
- Shams-White MM, Pannucci TE, Lerman JL, et al. Healthy Eating Index-2020: review and update process to reflect the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(9):1280-1288.
- Reedy J. The evolving Healthy Eating Index: advancing metrics to capture dietary patterns across a healthy eating trajectory. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(9):1267-1268.
HEI-Toddlers-2020
- Pannucci TE, Lerman JL, Herrick KA, et al. Development of the Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(9):1289-1297.
- Lerman JL, Herrick KA, Pannucci TE, et al. Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(9):1307-1319.
- Herrick KA, Lerman JL, Pannucci TE, et al. Continuity, considerations, and future directions for the Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(9):1298-1306.
HEI-2015
- Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, et al. Applications of the Healthy Eating Index for surveillance, epidemiology and intervention research: Considerations and caveats. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(9):1603-1621.
- Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, et al. Update of the Healthy Eating Index-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(9):1591-1602.
- Reedy J, Lerman JL, Krebs-Smith SM, et al. Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(9):1622-1633.
HEI-2010
- Guenther PM, Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, et al. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 is a valid measure of diet quality according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. J Nutr. 2014;144 (3):399-407.
- Guenther PM, Casavale KO, Reedy J, et al. Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113(4):569-80.
HEI-2005
- Guenther PM, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Development of the Healthy Eating Index–2005. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(11):1896-901.
- Guenther PM, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Reeve BB. Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index–2005. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(11):1854-64.
- Guenther PM, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Reeve BB, Basiotis PP. Development and evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index–2005: technical report
. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, US Department of Agriculture.
Nutrition Surveillance
- Zimmer M, Obbagy J, Scanlon KS, et al. Count every bite to make “every bite count”: measurement gaps and future directions for assessing diet from birth to 24 months. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123(9):1269-1279.
- Guenther PM, Juan WY, Reedy J, et al. Diet quality of Americans in 1994-96 and 2001-02 as measured by the Healthy Eating Index–2005. FASEB. 2008;22(S1)868.
Epidemiology & Health Outcomes Research
- Panizza CE, Shvetsov YB, Harmon BE, et al. Testing the predictive validity of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 in the Multiethnic Cohort: is the score associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality? Nutrients. 2018; 10(4): 452.
- Playdon MC, Moore SC, Derkach A, et al. Identifying biomarkers of dietary patterns by using metabolomics. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Feb;150(2):450-465.
- Liese AD, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF, et al. The Dietary Patterns Methods Project: synthesis of findings across cohorts and relevance to dietary guidance. J Nutr. 2015; 145(3): 393-402.
Food Environment Research
- Vinyard M, Zimmer M, Herrick KA, Story M, Juan W, Reedy J. Healthy Eating Index-2015 scores vary by types of food outlets in the United States. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2717.
- Miller PE, Reedy J, Kirkpatrick SI, Krebs-Smith SM. The United States food supply is not consistent with dietary guidance: Evidence from an evaluation using the Healthy-Eating Index-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(1):95-100.
- Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, Kahle LL, Harris JL, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Krebs-Smith SM. Fast-food menu offerings vary in dietary quality, but are consistently poor. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(4):924-31.
- Krebs-Smith SM, Reedy J, Bosire C. Healthfulness of the US food supply: little improvement despite decades of dietary guidance. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(5):472-7.
- Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Bosire C. Evaluating the food environment: application of the Healthy Eating Index–2005. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(5)465-71.
- Zhang S, Midthune D, Guenther PM, et al. A new multivariate measurement error model With zero-inflated dietary data, and its application To dietary assessment. Ann Appl Stat. 2011;5(2B):1456-1487.
- Freedman LS, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Dodd KW, Midthune D. A population's distribution of Healthy Eating Index-2005 component scores can be estimated when more than one 24-hour recall is available. J Nutr. 2010;140(8):1529-1534.
- Freedman LS, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Kott PS. A population's mean Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores are best estimated by the score of the population ratio when one 24-hour recall is available. J Nutr. 2008;138(9):1725-1729.
- Tooze JA, Midthune D, Dodd KW, et al. A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution. J Am Diet Nutr. 2006;106(10):1575-87.