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Other Selected References
The following are publications about the development and evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index, examples of how the HEI has been used in different types of research, as well as statistical methods and methodological considerations for the HEI.
The publication list below is not exhaustive. To suggest publications for this page, please contact RFAB@mail.nih.gov.
Note: NCI asks that extramural investigators that apply the HEI cite the version of the HEI and method used. Information on how to cite the HEI webpages can be found in the FAQs.
HEI-2020
- Shams-White MM, Pannucci TE, Lerman JL, Herrick KA, Zimmer M, Meyers Mathieu K, Stoody EE, Reedy J. Healthy Eating Index-2020: Review and Update Process to Reflect the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023 May 15; S2212-2672(23)00246-0. Online ahead of print.
- Reedy J. The Evolving Healthy Eating Index: Advancing Metrics to Capture Dietary Patterns Across a Healthy Eating Trajectory. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023 May 12; S2212-2672(23)00241-1. Online ahead of print.
HEI-Toddlers-2020
- Pannucci TE, Lerman JL, Herrick KA, Shams-White MM, Zimmer M, Meyers Mathieu K, Stoody E, Reedy J. Development of the Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023 May 18;S2212-2672(23)00244-7. Online ahead of print.
- Lerman JL, Herrick KA, Pannucci TE, Shams-White MM, Kahle LL, Zimmer M, Meyers Mathieu K, Stoody EE, Reedy J. Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023 May 15; S2212-2672(23)00245-9. Online ahead of print.
- Herrick KA, Lerman JL, Pannucci TE, Zimmer M, Shams-White MM, Meyers Mathieu KM, Stoody EE, Reedy J. Continuity, Considerations, and Future Directions for the Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023 May 18;S2212-2672(23)00243-5. Online ahead of print.
HEI-2015
- Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Wilson MM, Lerman JL, and Tooze JA. Applications of the Healthy Eating Index for surveillance, epidemiology and intervention research: Considerations and caveats. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018 Sep;118(9):1603-1621.
- Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Lerman JL, Tooze JA, Wilson MM, and Reedy J. Update of the Healthy Eating Index-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018 Sep;118(9):1591-1602.
- Reedy J, Lerman JL, Krebs-Smith SM, Kirkpatrick SI, Pannucci TE, Wilson MM, Subar AF, Kahle LL, and Tooze JA. Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018 Sep;118(9):1622-1633.
HEI-2010
- Guenther PM, Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Buckman DW, Dodd KW, Casavale KO, Carroll RJ. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 is a valid measure of diet quality according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. J Nutr. 2014 Mar;144 (3):399-407.
- Guenther PM, Casavale KO, Reedy J, Kirkpatrick SI, Hiza HA, Kuczynski KJ, Kahle LL, Krebs-Smith SM. Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013 Apr; 113(4):569-80.
- Guenther PM, Casavale KO, Reedy J, Kirkpatrick SI, Hiza HA, Kuczynski KJ, Kahle LL, Krebs-Smith SM. Healthy Eating Index–2010. CNPP Fact Sheet No. 2
HEI-2005
- Guenther PM, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Development of the Healthy Eating Index–2005. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Nov;108(11):1896-901.
- Guenther PM, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Reeve BB. Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index–2005. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Nov;108(11):1854-64.
- Guenther PM, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Reeve BB, Basiotis PP. 2007. Development and Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index–2005: Technical Report. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, US Department of Agriculture.
- Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Reedy J, Britten P, Juan WY, Lino M, Carlson A, Hiza HA, Basiotis PP. Healthy Eating Index–2005. CNPP Fact Sheet No. 1
Nutrition Surveillance
- Zimmer M, Obbagy J, Scanlon KS, Gibbs K, Lerman JL, Hamner HC, Pannucci T, Sharfman A, Reedy J, Herrick KA. Count Every Bite to Make “Every Bite Count”: Measurement Gaps and Future Directions for Assessing Diet from Birth to 24 Months. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023 May 15;S2212-2672(23)00242-3. Online ahead of print.
- Guenther PM, Casavale KO, Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, Hiza HAB, Kuczynski KJ, Kahle LL, Krebs-Smith SM. Diet quality of Americans in 2001-02 and 2007-08 as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2010. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA: Nutrition Insight. 51.
- Guenther PM, Juan WY, Reedy J, Britten P, Lino M, Carlson A, Hiza HA, Krebs-Smith SM. Diet Quality of Americans in 1994-96 and 2001-02 as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index–2005. Nutrition Insight 37, December 2007.
Epidemiology & Health Outcomes Research
- Panizza CE, Shvetsov YB, Harmon BE, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Haiman C, Reedy J, Boushey CJ. Testing the Predictive Validity of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 in the Multiethnic Cohort: Is the Score Associated with a Reduced Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality? Nutrients. 2018 Apr; 10(4): 452.
- Playdon MC, Moore SC, Derkach A, Reedy J, Subar AF, Sampson JN, Albanes D, Gu F, Kontto J, Lassale C, Liao LM, Männistö S, Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Irwin ML, Mayne ST, Stolzenberg-Solomon R. Identifying biomarkers of dietary patterns by using metabolomics. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Feb;150(2):450-465.
- Liese AD, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF, George SM, Harmon BE, Neuhouser ML, Boushey CJ, Schap TE, Reedy J. The Dietary Patterns Methods Project: Synthesis of Findings across Cohorts and Relevance to Dietary Guidance. J Nutr. 2015 Mar; 145(3): 393-402.
Food Environment Research
- Vinyard M, Zimmer M, Herrick KA, Story M, Juan W, Reedy J. Healthy Eating Index-2015 Scores Vary by Types of Food Outlets in the United States. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2717.
- Miller PE, Reedy J, Kirkpatrick SI, Krebs-Smith SM. The United States food supply is not consistent with dietary guidance: Evidence from an evaluation using the Healthy-Eating Index-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 Jan;115(1):95-100.
- Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, Kahle LL, Harris JL, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Krebs-Smith SM. Fast-food menu offerings vary in dietary quality, but are consistently poor. Public Health Nutr 2014 Apr;17(4):924-31.
- Krebs-Smith SM, Reedy J, Bosire C. Healthfulness of the US food supply: little improvement despite decades of dietary guidance. Am J Prev Med 2010 May;38(5):472-7.
- Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Bosire C. Evaluating the Food Environment: Application of the Healthy Eating Index–2005. Am J Prev Med 2010 Feb 18.
- Zhang S, Midthune D, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Kipnis V, Dodd KW, Buckman DW, Tooze JA, Freedman L, Carroll RJ. A New Multivariate Measurement Error Model With Zero-Inflated Dietary Data, And Its Application To Dietary Assessment. Ann Appl Stat. 2011 Jun 1;5(2B):1456-1487.
- Freedman LS, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Dodd KW, Midthune D. A population's distribution of Healthy Eating Index-2005 component scores can be estimated when more than one 24-hour recall is available. J Nutr. 2010;140(8):1529-1534.
- Freedman LS, Guenther PM, Krebs-Smith SM, Kott PS. A population's mean Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores are best estimated by the score of the population ratio when one 24-hour recall is available. J Nutr. 2008;138(9):1725-1729.
- Tooze JA, Midthune D, Dodd KW, Freedman LS, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF, Guenther PM, Carroll RJ, Kipnis V. A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution. J Am Diet Nutr. 2006 Oct;106(10):1575-87.